A Room of Ones Own Essay - 3982 Words

FOUR In Chapters Four and Five of A Room of One s Own,, the focus on Women Fiction shifts to a consideration of women writers, both actual writers and ultimately one of the author s own creation. The special interest here is one raised earlier in the work: the effect of tradition on women s writing. Woolf believes that women are different from men both in their social history as well as inherently, and that each of these differences has had important effects on the development of women s writing. Women writers, this is to say, have been treated differently from men because they were women; and this has affected how they developed. Furthermore, Woolf maintains, women writers are different from men writers because they are women;†¦show more content†¦on equal terms with men. For women, the narrator contends, here begins the freedom of the mind, the possibility that in the course of time one will be able to write whatever one likes. With Mrs. Behn, writing by women cased to be a sign of folly and became an activity of practical importance. Money dignifies what is frivolous if unpaid for she observes, and Mrs. Behn s success in the Seventeenth Century led to very many women earning money through writing in the Eighteenth Century. These women became the necessary forerunners of the successful women writers of the early 19th Century: Jane Austen, the Brontes, and George Eliot. With the 19th Century writers, one can begin to consider women s writing in a more expanded manner - as a kind of writing that has its own nature based on what it is to be a woman. First, the narrator wonders why the early 19th century writers were all novelists despite their apparent differences in temperament. And one answer that she gives focuses on women s common social role. Functioning at the heart of the family, she observes, women s training inevitably includes the observation of character and the analysis of emotion. These are faculties women acquire unconsciously in the course of daily activities and they are more easily put to use in a novel than elsewhere in fiction. Domesticity, thus, was not always a disadvantage for women. However, she goes on to consider, to the extent that women sShow MoreRelated A room of ones own Essay1897 Words   |  8 PagesVirginia Woolfs ambitious work A Room of Ones Own tackles many significant issues concerning the history and culture of womens writing, and attempts to document the conditions which women have had to endure in order to write, juxtaposing these with her vision of ideal conditions for the creation of literature. Woolfs extended essay has endured and proved itself to be a viable, pioneering feminist piece of work, but the broad range of ideas and arguments Woolf explores leaves her piece open toRead More Virginia Woolfs A Room of One’s Own Essay2627 Words   |  11 Pages In Virginia Woolf’s feminist essay â€Å"A Room of One’s Own,† Woolf argues that â€Å"a woman must have money and a room of her own† (16) if she is to write fiction of any merit. The point as she develops it is a perceptive one, and far more layered and various in its implications than it might at first seem. But I wonder if perhaps Woolf did not really tap the full power of her thesis. She recognized the necessity of the writer’s financial independence to the birth of great writing, but she failed toRead More A Room of One’s Own and Modern Fiction Essay2678 Words   |  11 PagesA Room of One’s Own and Modern Fiction One of the first things to notice about A Room of One’s Own is that it is not a typical lecture. It rambles and flows back and forth, in and out. It is more narrative than logic. It breaks many of the conventions of a formal address. Why does Virginia Woolf choose to do this? Why choose this style, this method? One reason is to turn predominantly masculine, or traditional, thinking on its head in order to undermine its authority. There is another reasonRead MoreVirginia Woolfs A Room of Ones Own Essay667 Words   |  3 PagesIn chapter two of A Room of One’s Own, Virginia Woolf introduces the reader to the uncomfortable conditions existing between men and women during the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries. Woolf’s character, Mary Beton, surveys books about women at the British Museum and discovers that nearly all of them are written by men. What’s more, the books that she does find express negative sentiments about women, leading Beton to believe that men are expressing â€Å"anger that had gone undergroundRead MoreEssay about Breaking Convention in A Room of Ones Own1338 Words   |  6 PagesConvention in A Room of Ones Own New discoveries and exciting breakthroughs are all made at the expense of contradicting old rules and ideas. In order for Earth to be round, it could no longer be flat. Revolutions in literature, science, and countries are always filled with conflicts and contradictions to traditional conventions. In this sense, Virgina Woolfs essay A Room of Ones Own can be called a revolution. Woolf breaks nearly all the rules of essay writing in her argumentative essay. She addressesRead More Virginia Woolfs A Room of Ones Own Essay1793 Words   |  8 PagesVirginia Woolfs A Room of Ones Own Missing works cited In A Room of Ones Own, Virginia Woolf ponders the plight of women throughout history. Woolf reads the lives of women and concludes that if a woman were to have written she would have had to overcome enormous circumstances (Woolf xi). Woolfs initial thesis is that a woman must have money and a room of her own if she is to write fiction (Woolf 4). Throughout the book, however, she develops other important conditions for artisticRead More The Scope of Woolf’s Feminism in A Room of One’s Own Essay1655 Words   |  7 PagesFeminism in A Room of One’s Own Missing Works Cited A highly contested statement on women and fiction, Virginia Woolf’s extended essay A Room of One’s Own has been repeatedly reviewed, critiqued, and analyzed since its publication in 1929. Arnold Bennett, an early twentieth-century novelist, and David Daiches, a literary critic who wrote an analysis entitled Virginia Woolf in 1942 (Murphy 247), were among those to attempt to extricate the themes and implications of Woolf’s complex essay. The twoRead MoreEssay on Education and Virginia’s Woolf’s A Room of One’s Own1060 Words   |  5 Pagesshare of it to endow more chairs, more lectureships, more fellowships in the university where they had learnt their craft† (754). This is a quote from Virginia’s Woolf’s essay, â€Å"A Room of One’s Own†. Here she is making a point about universities and the funding that they received from men that had gone to school there. Woolf’s essay takes place during the early nineteen hundreds when most women did not attend a university. There was great inequality of those who attended school because men had controlRead More Analysis of Virginia Woolf’s A Room of One’s Own Essay1678 Words   |  7 PagesAnalysis of Virginia Woolf’s A Room of One’s Own Throughout history, female artists have not been strangers to harsh criticism regarding their artistic works. Some female artists are fortunate to even receive such criticism; many have not achieved success in sharing their works with the world. In Virgina Woolf’s third chapter of her essay â€Å"A Room of One’s Own,† Woolf addresses the plight of the woman writer, specifically during the Elizabethan time period of England. Woolf helps the readerRead MoreEssay about Woolfs Vision in A Room of Ones Own2764 Words   |  12 Pagesin A Room of Ones Own      Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Many years have lapsed sinee Virginia Woolf spoke at Newnham and Girton colleges on the subject of women and fiction.   Her remarkable words are preserved for future generations of women in A Room of Ones Own.   This essay is the first manifesto of the modern feminist movement (Samuelson), and has been called a notable preamble to a kind of feminine Declaration of Independence (Muller 34).   Woolf writes that her modest goal for this ground-breaking essay is to

The Lust Lizard of Melancholy Cove Chapter 14~15 Free Essays

string(70) " of how much this little patch of plants ruled his life made him ill\." Fourteen Molly Pine Cove was a decorative town – built for show – only one degree more functional than a Disneyland attraction and decidedly lacking in businesses and services that catered to residents rather than tourists. The business district included ten art galleries, five wine-tasting rooms, twenty restaur-ants, eleven gift and card shops, and one hardware store. The position of hardware clerk in Pine Cove was highly coveted by the town’s retired male population, for nowhere else could a man posture well past his prime, pontificate, and generally indulge in the arrogant self-important chest-pounding of an alpha male without having a woman intercede to remind him that he was patently full of shit. We will write a custom essay sample on The Lust Lizard of Melancholy Cove Chapter 14~15 or any similar topic only for you Order Now Crossing the threshold of Pine Cove Hardware and breaking the beam that rang the bell was tantamount to setting off a testosterone alarm, and if they’d had their way, the clerks would have constructed a device to at-omize the corners with urine every time the bell tolled. Or at least that’s the way it seemed to Molly when she entered that Saturday morning. The clerks, three men, broke from their heated argument on the finer points of installing a wax toilet seal ring to stare, snicker, and make snide comments under their breath about the woman who had entered their domain. Molly breezed past the counter, focusing on an aisle display of gopher poison to avoid eye contact. Raucous laughter erupted from the clerks when she turned down the aisle for roofing supplies. The clerks, Frank, Bert, and Les – all semiretired, balding, paunchy, and generally interchangeable, except that Frank wore a belt to hold up his double knits, while the other two sported suspenders fashioned to look like yellow measuring tape – planned to make Molly beg. Oh, they’d let her wander around for a while, let her try to comprehend the arcane func-tion of the gizmos, geegaws, and widgets binned and bubble-wrapped around the store. Then she would have to come back to the counter and submit. It was Frank’s turn to do the condescending, and he would do his best to drop-kick her ego before finally leading the little lady to the appro-priate product, where he would continue to question her into full humili-ation. â€Å"Well, is it a sheet metal screw or a wood screw? Three-eighths or seven-sixteenths? Do you have a hex head screwdriver? Well, then, you’ll need one, won’t you? Are you sure you wouldn’t rather just call someone to do this for you?† Tears and/or sniffles from the customer would signal victory and confirm superior status for the male race. Frank, Bert, and Les watched Molly on the security monitor, exchanged some comments about her breasts, laughed nervously after five minutes passed without her surrender, and tried to look busy when she emerged from the aisle carrying a five-gallon can of roof-patching tar, a roll of fiberglass fabric, and a long-handled squeegee. Molly stood at the counter, shifting her weight from foot to foot. Bert and Les squinted into a catalog set on a rotating stand while concentrating on sucking in their guts. Frank manned the register and pretended he was doing something complex on the keyboard, when, in fact, he was just making it beep. Molly cleared her throat. Frank looked up as if he’d just noticed she was there. â€Å"Find everything you need?† â€Å"I think so,† Molly said, taking both hands to lift the heavy can of tar onto the counter. â€Å"You need some resin for that fiberglass fabric?† Les said. â€Å"And some hardener?† Bert said. Frank snickered. â€Å"Some what?† Molly said. â€Å"You can’t patch a trailer roof with that stuff, miss. You live down at the Fly Rod, don’t you?† They all knew who she was and where she lived. She was often the subject of hardware store gossip and speculation, even though she’d never set foot in there before today. â€Å"I’m not going to patch a roof.† â€Å"Well, you can’t use that on a driveway. You need asphalt sealer, and it should be applied with a brush, not a squeegee.† â€Å"How much do I owe you?† Molly said. â€Å"You should wear a respirator when you work with fiberglass. You have one at home, right?† Bert asked. â€Å"Yeah, right next to the elves and the gnomes,† Les said. Molly didn’t flinch. â€Å"He’s right,† Frank said. â€Å"Those fibers get down in your lungs and they could do you a world of harm, especially with those lungs.† The clerks all laughed at the joke. â€Å"I’ve got a respirator out in the truck,† Les said. â€Å"I could come by after work and give you a hand with your little project.† â€Å"That would be great,† Molly said. â€Å"What time?† Les balked. â€Å"Well, I, um†¦Ã¢â‚¬  â€Å"I’ll pick up some beer.† Molly smiled. â€Å"You guys should come along too. I could really use the help.† â€Å"Oh, I think Les can handle it, can’t you, Les?† Frank said as he hit the total key. â€Å"That comes to thirty-seven sixty-five with tax.† Molly counted her money out on the counter. â€Å"So I’ll see you tonight?† Les swallowed hard and forced a smile. â€Å"You bet,† he said. â€Å"Thanks then,† Molly said brightly. Then she picked up her supplies and headed for the door. As she broke the doorbell beam, Frank whispered â€Å"Crazy slut† under his breath. Molly stopped, turned slowly, and winked. Once she was outside, the clerks made miserable old white guy attempts at trading high-fives while patting Les on the back. It was a hardware store fantasy fulfilled – much better than just humiliating a woman, Les would get to humiliate her and get her naked as well. For some reason they’d all been feeling a little randy lately, thinking about sex almost as often as power tools. â€Å"My wife is going to kill me,† Les said. â€Å"What she don’t know won’t hurt her,† the other two said in unison. Theo Theo actually felt his stomach lurch when he went into his victory garden and clipped a handful of sticky buds from his pot plants. They weren’t for himself this time, but the reminder of how much this little patch of plants ruled his life made him ill. You read "The Lust Lizard of Melancholy Cove Chapter 14~15" in category "Essay examples" And how was it that he hadn’t felt the need to fire up his Sneaky Pete for three days? A twenty-year drug habit suddenly ends? No withdrawal, no side effects, no cravings? The freedom was almost nauseating. It was as if the Weirdness Fairy had landed in his life with a thump, popped him on the head with a rubber chicken, bit him on the shin, then went off to inflict herself on the rest of Pine Cove. He stuffed the marijuana into a plastic bag, tucked it into his jacket pocket, and climbed into the Volvo for the forty-mile drive to San Junipero. He was going to have to enter the bowels of the county justice building and face the Spider to find out what he wanted to know. The pot was grease for the Spider. He would stop by a convenience store on the way down and pick up a bag full of snacks to augment the bribe. The Spider was difficult, arrogant, and downright creepy, but he was a cheap date. Through the safety-glass window, Theo could see the Spider sitting in the middle of his web: five computer screens with data scrolling across them illuminated the Spider with an ominous blue glow. The only other light in the room came from tiny red and green power indicator lights that shone through the darkness like crippled stars. Without looking away from his screens, the Spider buzzed Theo in. â€Å"Crowe,† the Spider said, not looking up. â€Å"Lieutenant,† Theo said. â€Å"Call me Nailgun,† the Spider said. His name was Irving Nailsworth and his official position in the San Juni-pero Sheriff’s Department was chief technical officer. He was five-foot-five inches tall, weighed three hundred and thirty pounds, and had taken to wearing a black beret when he perched in his web. Early on, Nailsworth had seen that nerds would rule the world, and he had staked out his own little information fiefdom in the basement of the county jail. Nothing happened without the Spider knowing about it. He monitored and con-trolled all the information that moved about the county, and before anyone recognized what sort of power that afforded, he had made himself indis-pensable to the system. He had never arrested a suspect, touched a firearm, or set foot in a patrol car, yet he was the third-highest-ranking officer on the force. Besides a taste for raw data, the Spider had weaknesses for junk food, Internet porn, and high-quality marijuana. The latter was Theo’s key to the Spider’s lair. He put the plastic Baggie on the keyboard in front of Nails-worth. Still without looking at Theo, the Spider opened the bag and sniffed, pinched a bud between his fingers, then folded the bag up and stuffed it into his shirt pocket. â€Å"Nice,† he said. â€Å"What do you need?† He peeled the marshmallow cap off a Hostess Sno Ball, shoved it into his mouth, then threw the cake into a wastebasket at his feet. Theo set the bag of snacks down next to the wastebasket. â€Å"I need the autopsy report on Bess Leander.† The Nailgun nodded, no easy task for a man with no discernible neck. â€Å"And?† Theo wasn’t sure what questions to ask. Nailsworth seldom volunteered information, you had to ask the right question. It was like talking to a rotund Sphinx. â€Å"I was wondering if you could come up with something that might help me find Mikey Plotznik.† Theo knew he didn’t have to explain. The Spider would know all about the missing kid. The Spider reached into the bag at his feet and pulled out a Twinkie. â€Å"Let me pull up the autopsy.† His fat fingers flew over the keyboard. â€Å"You need a printout?† â€Å"That would be nice.† â€Å"It doesn’t show you as the investigating officer.† â€Å"That’s why I came to you. The M.E.’s office wouldn’t let me see the report.† â€Å"Says here cause of death was cardiac arrest due to asphyxiation. Suicide.† â€Å"Yes, she hung herself.† â€Å"I don’t think so.† â€Å"I saw the body.† â€Å"I know. Hanging in the dining room.† â€Å"So what do you mean, you don’t think so? â€Å"The ligature marks on her neck were postmortem, according to this. Neck wasn’t broken, so she didn’t drop suddenly.† Theo squinted at the screen, trying to make sense of the data. â€Å"There were heel marks on the wall. She had to have hung herself. She was depressed, taking Zoloft for it.† â€Å"Not according to the toxicology.† â€Å"What?† â€Å"They ran the toxicology for antidepressants because you put it on the report, but there was nothing.† â€Å"It says suicide right there.† â€Å"Yes, it does, but the date doesn’t corroborate the timing. Looks like she had a heart attack. Then she hung herself afterward.† â€Å"So she was murdered?† â€Å"You wanted to see the report. It says cardiac arrest. But ultimately, cardiac arrest is what kills everyone. Catch a bullet in the head, get hit by a car, eat some poison. The heart tends to stop.† â€Å"Eat some poison?† â€Å"Just an example, Crowe. It’s not my field. If I were you, I’d check and see if she had a history of heart problems.† â€Å"You said it wasn’t your field.† â€Å"It’s not.† The Spider hit a key and a laser printer whirred in the darkness somewhere. â€Å"I don’t have much on the kid. I could give you the subscription list for his paper route.† Theo realized that he had gotten all he was going to get on Bess Leander. â€Å"I have that. How about giving me any known baby-rapers in the area?† â€Å"That’s easy.† The Spider’s fingers danced over the keyboard. â€Å"You think the kid was snatched?† â€Å"I don’t know shit,† Theo said. The Spider said, â€Å"No known pedophiles in Pine Cove. You want the whole county?† â€Å"Why not?† The laser printer whirred and the Spider pointed through the dark at the noise. â€Å"Everything you want is back there. That’s all I can do for you.† â€Å"Thanks, Nailgun, I appreciate it.† Theo felt a chronic case of the creeps going up his spine. He took a step into the dark and found the papers sitting in the tray of the laser printer. Then he stepped to the door. â€Å"You wanna buzz me out?† The Spider swiveled in his chair and looked at Theo for the first time. Theo could see his piggy eyes shining out of deep craters. â€Å"You still live in that cabin by the Beer Bar Ranch?† â€Å"Yep,† Theo said. â€Å"Eight years now.† â€Å"Never been on the ranch, though, have you?† â€Å"No.† Theo cringed. Could the Spider know about Sheriff Burton’s hold over him? â€Å"Good,† the Spider said. â€Å"Stay out of there. And Theo?† â€Å"Yeah?† â€Å"Sheriff Burton has been checking with me on everything that comes out of Pine Cove. After the Leander death and the truck blowing up, he got very jumpy. If you decide to pursue the Leander thing, stay low-key.† Theo was amazed. The Spider had actually volunteered information. â€Å"Why?† was all he could say. â€Å"I like the herb you bring me.† The Spider patted his shirt pocket. Theo smiled. â€Å"You won’t tell Burton you gave me the autopsy report?† â€Å"Why would I?† said the Spider. â€Å"Take care,† Theo said. The Spider turned back to his screens and buzzed the door. Molly Molly wasn’t so sure that life as Pine Cove’s Crazy Lady wasn’t harder than being a Warrior Babe of the Outland. Things were pretty clear for a Warrior Babe: you ran around half-naked looking for food and fuel and occasionally kicked the snot out of some mutants. There was no subterfuge or rumor. You didn’t have to guess whether or not the Sand Pirates ap-proved of your behavior. If they approved, they staked you out and tortured you. If they didn’t they called you a bitch, then they staked you out and tortured you. They might release starving radioactive cockroaches on you or burn you with hot pokers, they might even gang-rape you (in foreign-release directors’cuts only), but you always knew where you stood with Sand Pirates. And they never tittered. Molly had had all the tittering she could handle for the day. At the pharmacy, they had tittered. Four elderly women worked the counter at Pine Cove Drug and Gift, while above them, behind his glass window, Winston Krauss, the dolphin-molesting pharmacist, lorded over them like a rooster over a barnyard full of hens. It didn’t seem to matter to Winston that his four hens couldn’t make change or answer the simplest question, nor that they would retreat to the back room when anyone younger than thirty entered the pharmacy, lest they have to sell something embarrassing like condoms. What mattered to Winston was that his hens worked for minimum wage and treated him like a god. He was behind glass; tittering didn’t bother him. The hens started tittering when Molly hit the door and broke titter only when she came to the counter with an entire case of economy-sized Neosporin ointment. â€Å"Are you sure, dear?† they kept asking, refusing to take Molly’s money. â€Å"Perhaps we should ask Winston. This seems like an awful lot.† Winston had disappeared among the shelves of faux-antidepressants when Molly entered the store. He wondered if he should have ordered some faux-antipsychotics as well. Val Riordan hadn’t said. â€Å"Look,† Molly finally said, â€Å"I’m nuts. You know it, I know it, Winston knows it. But in America it is your right to be nuts. I get a check from the state every month because I’m nuts. The state gives me money so I can buy whatever I need to continue being nuts, and right now I need this case of ointment. So ring it up so I can go be nuts somewhere else. Okay?† The hens huddled and tittered. â€Å"Or do I need to buy a case of those huge fluorescent orange prelubricated condoms with the deely-bobbers on the tip and blow them up in your card section.† You never have to get this tough with Sand Pirates, Molly thought. The hens broke their huddle and looked up in terror. â€Å"I hear they’re like thousands of tiny fingers, urging you to let go,† Molly added. Between the four of them it only took ten minutes more to ring up Molly’s order and figure her change within the nearest dollar. As Molly was leaving, she turned and said, â€Å"In the Outland, you would have all been made into jerky a long time ago.† Fifteen Steve Getting blown up had put the Sea Beast in a deep blue funk. Sometimes when he felt this way, he would swim to the edge of a coral reef and lie there in the sand while neon cleaner fish nipped at the parasites and algae on his scales. His flanks flashed a truce of color to let the little fish know that they were safe as they darted in and out of his mouth, grabbing bits of food and grunge like tiny dental hygienists. In turn, they emanated an electromagnetic message that translated roughly to: â€Å"I won’t be a minute, sorry to bother you, please don’t eat me.† He was getting a similar message from the warmblood that was ministering to his burns, and he flashed the truce of color along his sides to confirm that he understood. He couldn’t pick up the intentions of all warmbloods, but this one was wired differently. He could sense that she meant him no harm and was even going to bring him food. He understood that when she made the â€Å"Steve† sound, she was talking to him. â€Å"Steve,† Molly said, â€Å"stop making those colors. Do you want the neighbors to see? It’s broad daylight.† She was on a stepladder with a paintbrush. To the casual observer, she was painting her neighbor’s trailer. In fact, she was applying great gobs of Neosporin oint ment to the Sea Beast’s back. â€Å"You’ll heal faster with this stuff on you, and it doesn’t sting.† After she had covered the charred parts of the trailer with ointment, she draped fiberglass fabric on as bandages and began ladling roof-patching tar over the fabric. Several of her neighbors looked out their windows, dismissed her actions as more eccentricities of a crazy woman, then went back to their afternoon game shows. Molly was spreading the roofing tar over the fiberglass bandages with a squeegee when she heard a vehicle pull up in front of her trailer. Les, the hardware guy, got out of the truck, adjusted his suspenders, and headed toward her, looking a little nervous, but resolved. A light dew of sweat shone on his bald head, despite the autumn chill in the air. â€Å"Little lady, what are you doing? I thought you were going to wait for me to help you.† Molly came down from her ladder and stood with the squeegee at port arms while it dripped black goo. â€Å"I wanted to get going on this before dark. Thanks for coming.† She smiled sweetly – a leftover movie star smile. Les escaped the smile to hardware land. â€Å"I can’t even tell what you’re trying to do here, but whatever it is, it looks like you mucked it up pretty bad already.† â€Å"No, come here and look at this.† Les moved cautiously to Molly’s side and looked up at the trailer. â€Å"What the hell is this thing made of anyway? Up close it looks like plastic or something.† â€Å"Maybe you should look at it from the inside,† Molly said. â€Å"The damage is more obvious in there.† The hardware clerk leered. Molly felt him trying to stare through her sweatshirt. â€Å"Well, if that’s what you think. Let’s go inside and have a look.† He started toward the door of the trailer. Molly grabbed his shoulder. â€Å"Wait a second. Where are the keys to your truck?† â€Å"I leave ’em in it. Why? This town is safe.† â€Å"No reason, just wondering.† Molly dazzled him with another smile. â€Å"Why don’t you go on in? I’ll be in as soon as I get some of this tar off of my hands.† â€Å"Sure thing, missy,† Les said. He toddled toward the front door like a man badly in need of a rest room. Molly backed away toward Les’s truck. When the hardware clerk laid a hand on the door handle, Molly called, â€Å"Steve! Lunch!† â€Å"My name isn’t Steve,† Les said. â€Å"No,† Molly said, â€Å"you’re the other one.† â€Å"Les, you mean?† â€Å"No, lunch.† Molly gave him one last smile. Steve recognized the sound of his name and felt the thought around the word â€Å"lunch† Les felt something wet wrap around his legs and opened his mouth to scream just as the tip of the serpent’s tongue wrapped his face, cutting off his air. The last thing he saw was the bare breasts of the fallen scream queen, Molly Michon, as she lifted her sweatshirt to give him a farewell flash before he was slurped into the waiting maw of the Sea Beast. Molly heard the bones crunch and cringed. Boy, sometimes it just pays to be a nutcase, she thought. That sort of thing might bother a sane person. One of the windows in the front of the dragon trailer closed slowly and opened, a function of the Sea Beast pushing his meal down his throat, but Molly took it for a wink. Estelle Dr. Val’s office had always represented a little island of sanity to Estelle, a sophisticated status quo, always clean, calm, orderly, and well appointed. Like many artists, Estelle lived in an atmosphere of chaotic funk, taken by observers to be artistic charm, but in fact no more than a civilized way of dealing with the relative poverty and uncertainly of cannibalizing one’s imagination for money. If you had to spill your guts to someone, it was nice to do it in a place that wasn’t spattered with paint and covered with canvases that beckoned to be finished. Dr. Val’s office was an escape, a pause, a comfort. But not today. After being sent in to the inner office, before she even sat down in one of the leather guest chairs, Estelle said, â€Å"Your assistant is wearing oven mitts, did you know that?† Valerie Riordan, for once with a few hairs out of place, rubbed her temples, looked at her desk blotter, and said, â€Å"I know. She has a skin condition.† â€Å"But they’re taped on with duct tape.† â€Å"It’s a very bad skin condition. How are you today?† Estelle looked back toward the door. â€Å"Poor thing. She seemed out of breath when I came in. Has she seen a doctor?† â€Å"Chloe will be fine, Estelle. Her typing skills may even improve.† Estelle sensed that Dr. Val was not having a good day and decided to let the assistant in oven mitts pass. â€Å"Thanks for seeing me on such short notice. I know it’s been a while since we’ve had a session, but I really felt I need to talk to someone. My life has gotten a little weird lately.† â€Å"There’s a lot of that going around,† Dr. Val said, doodling on a legal pad as she spoke. â€Å"What’s up?† â€Å"I’ve met a man.† Dr. Val looked up for the first time. â€Å"You have?† â€Å"He’s a musician. A Bluesman. He’s been playing at the Slug. I met him there. We’ve been, well, he’s been staying at my place for the last couple of days.† â€Å"And how do you feel about that?† â€Å"I like it. I like him. I haven’t been with a man since my husband died. I thought I would feel like, well, like I was betraying him. But I don’t. I feel great. He’s funny, and he has this sense of, I don’t know, wisdom. Like he’s seen it all, but he hasn’t become cynical. He seems sort of bemused by the hardships in life. Not at all like most people.† â€Å"But what about you?† â€Å"I think I love him.† â€Å"Does he love you?† â€Å"I think so. But he says he’s going to leave. That’s what’s bothering me. I finally got used to being alone, and now that I found someone, he’s going to leave me because he’s afraid of a sea monster.† Valerie Riordan dropped her pen and slumped in her chair – a very unprofessional move, Estelle thought. â€Å"Excuse me?† Val said. â€Å"A sea monster. We were at the beach the other night, and something came up out of the water. Something big. We ran for the car, and later Catfish told me that he was once chased by a sea monster down in the Delta and that it had come back to get him. He says he doesn’t want other people to get hurt, but I think he’s just afraid. He thinks the monster will come back as long as he’s on the coast. He’s trying to get a gig in Iowa, as far from the coast as he can get. Do you think he’s just afraid to commit? I read a lot about that in the women’s magazines.† â€Å"A sea monster? Is that a metaphor for something? Some Blues term that I’m not getting?† â€Å"No, I think it’s a reptile, at least the way he describes it. I didn’t get a good look at it. It ate his best friend when he was a young man. I think he’s running away from the guilt. What do you think?† â€Å"Estelle, there’s no such thing as sea monsters.† â€Å"Catfish said that no one would believe me.† â€Å"Catfish?† â€Å"That’s his name. My Bluesman. He’s very sweet. He has a sense of gallantry that you don’t see much anymore. I don’t think it’s an act. He’s too old for that. I didn’t think I would ever feel this way again. These are girl feelings, not woman feelings. I want to spend the rest of my life with him. I want to have his grandchildren.† â€Å"Grandchildren?† â€Å"Sure, he’s had his days with the booze and the hos, but I think he’s ready to settle down.† â€Å"The booze and the hos?† Dr. Val seemed to have gone into some sort of fugue state, working on a stunned psychiatrist autopilot where all she could do was parrot what Estelle said back in the form of a question. Estelle needed more input than this. â€Å"Do you think I should tell the authorities?† â€Å"About the booze and the hos?† â€Å"The sea monster. That Plotznik boy is missing, you know?† Dr. Val made a show of straightening her blouse and assuming a controlled, staid, professional posture. â€Å"Estelle, I think we may need to adjust your medication.† â€Å"I haven’t been taking it. But I feel fine. Catfish says that if Prozac had been invented a hundred years ago there wouldn’t have been any Blues at all. Just a lot of happy people with no soul. I tend to agree with him. The antidepressants served their purpose for me after Joe died, but I’m not sure I need them now. I even feel like I could get some painting done – if I can find some time away from sex.† Dr. Val winced. â€Å"I was thinking of something besides antidepressants, Estelle. You obviously are dealing with some serious changes right now. I’m not sure how to proceed. Do you think that Mr., uh, Catfish would mind coming to a session with you?† â€Å"That might be tough. He doesn’t like your mojo.† â€Å"My mojo?† â€Å"Not your mojo in particular. Just psychiatrist’s mojo in general. He spent a little time in a mental hospital in Mississippi after the monster ate his friend. He didn’t care for the staff’s mojo.† Estelle realized that her vocabulary, even her way of thinking, had changed over the last few days, the result of immersion in Catfish’s Blues world. The doctor was rubbing her temples again. â€Å"Estelle, let’s make another appointment for tomorrow or the next day. Tell Chloe to add it on at the end of the day if I’m booked up. And try to bring your gentleman along with you. In the meantime, assure him that my practice is mojo-free, would you?† Estelle stood. â€Å"Can that little girl write with those oven mitts on?† â€Å"She’ll manage.† â€Å"So what should I do? I don’t want him to go. But I feel like I’ve lost a part of myself by falling in love. I’m happy, but I don’t know who I am anymore. I’m worried.† Estelle realized that she was starting to whine and looked at her shoes, ashamed. â€Å"That’s our time, Estelle. Let’s save this for our next appointment.† â€Å"Right. Should I tell the constable about the sea monster?† â€Å"Let’s hold off on that for now. These things have a way of taking care of themselves.† â€Å"Thanks, Dr. Val. I’ll see you tomorrow.† â€Å"Good-bye, Estelle.† Estelle left the office and stopped at Chloe’s desk outside. The girl was gone, but there were animal noises coming from the bathroom just down the hall. Perhaps she had caught one of the oven mitts on her nose ring. Poor thing. Estelle went to the bathroom door and knocked lightly. â€Å"Are you okay in there, dear? Do you need some help?† The answer came back in high moan. â€Å"I’m fine. Really fine. Thanks. Oh my God!† â€Å"You’re sure?† â€Å"No, that’s all right!† â€Å"I’m supposed to make an appointment for tomorrow or the next day. The doctor said to pencil it in late if you have to.† Estelle could hear thumping noises coming from the bathroom, and it sounded as if the medicine cabinet had dumped. â€Å"Oh wow! Wow! Oh wow!† The scheduling must really have been tight. â€Å"I’m sorry. I won’t bother you anymore. Call me to confirm, would you, dear?† Estelle left Valerie Riordan’s house even more unsettled than she had come in, thinking that it had been quite some time, half a day anyway, since she had had her skinny Bluesman between the sheets. Dr. Val Val had a break between appointments, time in which to reflect on her suspicion that by taking everyone in Pine Cove off antidepressants, she had turned the town into a squirrel’s nest. Estelle Boyet had always been a tad eccentric, it was part of her artist persona, but Val had never seen this as unhealthy. On the contrary, the self-image of an eccentric artist seemed to help Estelle get over losing her husband. But now the woman was raving about sea monsters, and worse, she was getting involved in a relationship with a man that could only be construed as self-destructive. Could people – rational adult people – still fall in love like that? Could they still feel like that? Val wanted to feel like that. For the first time since her divorce, it occurred to her that she actually wanted to be involved again with a man. No, not just involved, in love. She pulled her Rolodex from the desk drawer and thumbed through it until she found the number of her psychiatrist in San Junipero. She had been in analysis all through med school and residency, it was an integral part of the training of any psychiatrist, but she hadn’t seen her therapist in over five years. Maybe it was time. What sort of cynicism had come over her, that she was interpreting the desire to fall in love as a condition requiring treatment? Maybe her cynicism was the problem. Of course she couldn’t tell him about what she had done to her patients, but perhaps†¦ A red light blinked on the tiny LED panel on her phone and the incoming call, screened by Chloe, who had obviously taken a short break from her self-abuse, scrolled across the screen. Constable Crowe, line one. Speaking of squirrels. She picked up the phone. â€Å"Dr. Riordan.† â€Å"Hi, Dr. Riordan, this is Theo Crowe. I just called to tell you that you were right.† â€Å"Thank you for calling, Constable. Have a nice day.† â€Å"You were right about Bess Leander not taking the antidepressants. I just got a look at the toxicology report. There was no Zoloft in her system.† Val stopped breathing. â€Å"Doctor, are you there?† All her worries about the drugs, this whole perverse plan, all the extra sessions, the long hours, the guilt, the friggin’ guilt, and Bess Leander hadn’t been taking her medication at all. Val felt sick to her stomach. â€Å"Doctor?† Theo said. Val forced herself to take a deep breath. â€Å"Why? I mean, when? It’s been over a month. When did you find this out?† â€Å"Just today. I wasn’t given access to the autopsy report. No one was. I’m sorry it took so long.† â€Å"Well, thank you for letting me know, Constable. I appreciate it.† She prepared to ring off. â€Å"Dr. Riordan, don’t you have to get a medical history on your patients before you prescribe anything?† â€Å"Yes. Why?† â€Å"Do you know if Bess Leander had any heart problems?† â€Å"No, physically she was a very healthy woman, as far as I know. Why?† â€Å"No reason,† Theo said. â€Å"Oh yeah, I never got your thoughts on the information I shared at breakfast. About Joseph Leander. I was still wondering if you had any thoughts?† The whole world had flip-flopped. Val had stone-walled up to now on Bess Leander because she had assumed that her own negligence had had something to do with Bess’s death. What now, though? Really, she didn’t know much about Bess at all. She said, â€Å"What exactly do you want from me, Constable?† â€Å"I just need to know, did she suspect her husband of having an affair? Or give you any indication that she might be afraid of him?† â€Å"Are you saying what I think you are saying? You don’t think Bess Leander committed suicide?† â€Å"I’m not saying that. I’m just asking.† Val searched her memory. What had Bess Leander said about her hus-band? â€Å"I remember her saying that she felt he was uninvolved in their family life and that she had laid down the law to him.† â€Å"Laid down the law? In what way?† â€Å"She told him that because he refused to put the toilet seat down, he was going to have to sit down to pee from now on.† â€Å"That’s it?† â€Å"That’s all I can remember. Joseph Leander is a salesman. He was gone a lot. I think Bess felt that he was somewhat of an intrusion on her and the girls’ lives. It wasn’t a healthy relationship.† As if there is such a thing, Val thought. â€Å"Are you investigating Joseph Leander?† â€Å"I’d rather not say,† Theo said. â€Å"Do you think I should be?† â€Å"You’re the policeman, Mr. Crowe.† â€Å"I am? Oh, right, I am. Anyway, thanks, Doctor. By the way, my friend Gabe thought you were, uh, interesting, I mean, charming. I mean, he enjoyed talking with you.† â€Å"He did?† â€Å"Don’t tell him I said so.† â€Å"Of course. Good-bye, Constable.† Val hung up and sat back in her chair. She had unnecessarily put an entire town in emotional chaos, committed a basketful of federal crimes as well as breaking nearly every ethical standard in her field, and one of her patients had possibly been murdered, but she felt, well, sort of excited. Charming, she thought. He found me charming. I wonder if he really said â€Å"charming† or if Theo was just making that up – the pothead. Charming. She smiled and buzzed Chloe to send in her next appointment. How to cite The Lust Lizard of Melancholy Cove Chapter 14~15, Essay examples

Moral and Ethical Dilemmas of Human Cloning free essay sample

A discussion whether human cloning is justified considering the moral and ethical issues it raises. This paper discusses the controversial issue of cloning. It analyzes the moral and ethical implications of cloning and whether it is correct to conduct cloning at all. The paper describes the origins of cloning, the methods currently used and the problems with the process. Cloning can basically be described as the copying of genes and other pieces of chromosomes to generate identical material. Two other types of cloning produce complete, genetically identical animals. Blastomere separation (sometimes called twinning after the naturally occurring process that creates identical twins) involves splitting a developing embryo soon after fertilization of the egg by a sperm (sexual reproduction) to give rise to two or more embryos (Wilmut, 998). The resulting organisms are identical twins (clones) containing DNA from both the mother and the father. The second type of cloning that is more controversial in terms of its moral and ethical implications is when the identical material that has been generated consists of the DNA of only one parent. We will write a custom essay sample on Moral and Ethical Dilemmas of Human Cloning or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page With the innovation of the second type of cloning that came primarily with the birth of Dolly, a number of moral, social, ethical and legal issues were raised with regard to it. Religious and social organizations were outraged at the prospect of creating animals (not to forget humans) that did not involve the natural process of conception. The right to create a life, they claimed was after all ultimately in the hands of the Creator and to play around with that was tantamount to interrupting the path of Nature (Wilmut, 1998). However before one moves on to discuss the moral and ethical dilemmas of cloning, it is important to briefly study the history of this controversial process.

Nursing Patient and Self-care Deficit Essay Example

Nursing: Patient and Self-care Deficit Paper Applying Dorothea Orems Self-Care Deficit Theory To Practice Dorothea Orem developed her self-care deficit theory of nursing under three interrelated theories known as the theory of self-care, theory of self-care deficit, and theory of nursing systems. Each of these theories explains concepts of basic conditioning factors to support her general theory. Orem’s theory suggests that all individuals have a need for self-care action on a continuous basis. When self-care can no longer be performed due to injury or illness the patient develops a self-care deficit and requires the assistance of the nurse to provide quality and quantity healthcare. Orem’s interrelated theories can be applied to day to day practice on the stroke unit. The theory of self-care is the patient’s ability to perform their own self-care needs to maintain life, health, and well-being. Basic conditioning factors of self-care include age, gender, developmental state and environmental factors to name a few. Stroke patients may lose their entire ability to provide self-care depending on where the stroke occurred. Basic things such as eating or even speaking may be affected. One of the first steps taken on the floor is a bedside swallow evaluation. This is very important because it determines if oral nutrition or medications can be given. Swallowing problems can increase risk of morbidity and mortality, as well as risk of aspiration pneumonia where food or fluids pass into the airway (Morris, 2009). Patients may be unable to receive necessary treatment if they have the inability to swallow and collaboration with the doctor is needed to determine whether or not other routes for nutrition or medication administration may be used. We will write a custom essay sample on Nursing: Patient and Self-care Deficit specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Nursing: Patient and Self-care Deficit specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Nursing: Patient and Self-care Deficit specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer The theory of self-care deficit is the main element of Orem’s general theory. The self-care-deficit theory is acquired when individuals are unable to perform basic needs to sustain health, life and well-being. Stroke patients may only be able to use one arm, or one leg which is known as hemiparesis. The nurse is therefore needed to assist with things such as oral care and nutrition. The nurse encourages the patient to use stronger or non-affected side to eat or perform oral care. Patients want to feel independent and it’s mportant that nurses support self-care. The theory of nursing systems is how the nurse determines what the needs are of the patient. On the stroke floor nurses are constantly performing neurological checks to determine whether or not any changes have occurred or to assess for any deficits. When a patient has a deficit such as dysphagia or difficulty swallowing, nurses must assist that patient by crushing pills, making sure the patient has the proper di et and ensure the patient is always sitting upright during oral intake to prevent aspiration. Nurses are pivotal in ensuring that patients’ dysphagia needs are met and managed promptly and safely (Hughes, 2011). Dorothea Orem’s theory of self-care can be applied to clinical practice in many different ways. One area of practice Orem’s theory is used is on the stroke units as described above. Patient’s want to be independent and in charge of their own healthcare decisions. Stroke can be debilitating and patients may not be able to perform routine task such as eating or brushing teeth. Nurses must assist patient with these task and encourage patients to participate as much as possible. Nurses play a very critical role in supporting and promoting independence in patient care. Allowing patients to be independent in their self-care and assisting when patients are unable to perform tasks will create positive patient outcomes and is the basis behind Orem’s self-care deficit theory. References Hughes, S. (2011, April 2011). Management of dysphagia in stroke patients. Nursing Older People, 23(3), 21-24. Morris, H. (2009). Assessment and management of dysphagia after stroke. Assessment and management of dysphagia after stroke, 11(8), 385-388.

The International Harmonization Perspective Of Two Countries Malaysia And Singapore Accounting Essay Essays

The International Harmonization Perspective Of Two Countries Malaysia And Singapore Accounting Essay Essays The International Harmonization Perspective Of Two Countries Malaysia And Singapore Accounting Essay Essay The International Harmonization Perspective Of Two Countries Malaysia And Singapore Accounting Essay Essay As mentioned earlier, this survey focuses on the international harmonisation position of two states ; Malaysia and Singapore, chiefly due to clip restraint and besides because they have a more advanced accounting and regulative establishments every bit good as the largest and most good developed capital markets in ASEAN ( Saudagaran and Diga, 2000 ) . The chief intent of this chapter is to mensurate the grade of harmonisation in Malaysia and Singapore. Data for this survey is obtained from the web site of companies listed in the stock exchange of their several states. The companies selected are from the electronics, information engineering and telecommunications industries, foremost because these are the taking industries in both Malaysia and Singapore and secondly because these industries have faced enormous growing over the last few decennaries. Furthermore these industries are really important for emerging markets in the ASEAN part as they are the largest exporters of electronic merchandises in the ASEAN part. To prove the grade of harmonisation in Malaysia and Singapore we used cardinal assets and net income measuring patterns. These steps were obtained from the book written by Radebaugh and Gray ( 1997 ) . The cardinal measurings used in this survey is cost of stock list, rating of non-current assets, good will, depreciation and research and development disbursals. 3.1 Methodology This survey is really much a qualitative 1 as such statistical cognition is non the purpose. The trying techniques used is the non chance trying alternatively of the chance trying given the nature of the survey. All companies within the electronic, information engineering and telecommunication industries were looked at. In position of the clip constrain, this survey is based on informations collected from companies that have their latest one-year studies in their web site. Data was collected from 30 companies from both Malaysia and Singapore ( 10 from Malaysia and 20 from Singapore ) . The names of the companies are listed in Appendix 1. 3.2 Empirical Research on Key Measurements in the Financial Statements of Malaysian and Singapore Listed Companies The informations gathered from the 30 companies allowed a better apprehension and cognition about the grade of accounting harmonisation every bit good on the development of the criterions puting procedure at the domestic degree in both Malaysia and Singapore. It besides allowed us to analyze these states conformity with IAS. The sum-up of the consequences are portrayed in the tabular array below: Table 1 Cardinal Measurements International Accounting Standard Companies Accounting Policy Malaysia ( 10 companies ) Singapore ( 20 companies ) Depreciation Straight-line method or Reducing balance method ( IAS 16 ) Straight-line Method ( 9 ) Reducing Balance Method ( 1 ) Straight-line Method ( 15 ) Reducing Balance Method ( 3 ) Straight Line A ; Reducing Balance Method ( 2 ) Good will Amortization or Tested for impairment annually ( IFRS 3 ) Amortization Method ( 2 ) Trial for damage ( 4 ) Amortization Method ( 3 ) Trial for damage ( 12 ) Evaluation of Non- Current Assetss Historical Cost ( IAS 16 ) Historical Cost ( 3 ) Historical Cost A ; Revaluation method ( 7 ) Historical Cost ( 3 ) Historical Cost A ; Revaluation method ( 17 ) Research and Development Charge of when incurred/write-off ( IAS 38 ) or Amortization Write 0ff ( 4 ) Amortization ( 2 ) Write 0ff ( 12 ) Amortization ( 3 ) Cost of Inventory FIFO or weighted mean footing ( IAS 2 ) FIFO ( 2 ) Leaden mean method ( 4 ) FIFO A ; Weighted Average Method ( 4 ) FIFO ( 6 ) Leaden mean method ( 12 ) FIFO A ; Weighted Average Method ( 2 ) 3.3 Consequences 3.3.1 Malaya In Malaysia, 10 companies from the electronic, telecommunications and information engineering industries were chosen in our sample. Merely certain accounting methods were utilized instead systematically by these companies, nevertheless all the companies used the historical cost convention in the readying of their fiscal statements. Some of the companies besides perform a reappraisal of certain non-current assets to follow with the sanctioned Malayan Accounting Standards. The consequences indicated that nine companies companies utilized the straight-line method in deprecating their assets. However the utile lifes of the assets are different depending on the single company policies and premise every bit good on the type of plus being depreciated. While the staying one company uses the cut downing balance method. Merely six companies unwrap the intervention of good will in their fiscal statements. Two out of the six companies amortize the good will within a certain clip frame while the other four companies recognizes good will as an plus and trial annually for damage. However these patterns are capable to annually reexamine by the Board of Directors in audience with the Accounting an Audit Committee. Four companies do non uncover their intervention. In the reappraisal of non-current assets, seven companies use both methods which is at cost or reappraisal value while 3 companies merely value their non-current assets at cost. The intervention of research and development disbursals are merely disclosed by six companies. Four companies disbursals this cost straight to the income statement as and when incurred while the other two companies amortizes the disbursals based on its ain internal company policy. Four companies do non uncover their methods. As for the cost of stock list, four companies use leaden mean method, two companies use the First In First Out ( FIFO ) method and the remainder of the four companies uses both the leaden norm and the FIFO method. 3.3.2 Singapore In Singapore 20 companies from the electronic, telecommunications and information engineering industries were chosen in our sample. Merely certain accounting methods were utilized instead systematically by these companies, nevertheless all of them used the historical cost convention in the readying of their fiscal statements. Some of the companies besides perform a reappraisal of certain non-current assets to follow with the approved Singapore Accounting Standards. The consequences indicated that 15 companies utilize the straight-line method in deprecating their assets. However the utile lifes of the assets are different depending on the single company policies and premise every bit good on the type of plus being depreciated. Three companies used the cut downing balance method while the staying two companies used both the consecutive line and cut downing balance method. Merely 15 companies unwrap the intervention of good will in their fiscal statements. Three of these companies amortize the good will within a certain clip frame while the other 12 companies recognises good will as an plus and trial annually for damage. However these patterns are capable to annually reexamine by the Board of Directors in audience with the Accounting an Audit Committee. Five companies use other methods and the staying five companies do non uncover their intervention. In the reappraisal of non-current assets, 17 companies use both methods which is at cost or reappraisal value for certain assets while three companies merely value their non-current assets at cost. The intervention of research and development disbursals are merely disclosed by 15 companies. Twelve companies expense the cost straight to the income statement as and when incurred while the other three companies amortizes the disbursals based on its ain internal company policy. Five companies do non uncover their methods. As for the cost of stock list, 12 companies use leaden mean method, six companies use the First In First Out ( FIFO ) method and the staying two companies uses both the leaden norm and the FIFO method. 3.4 Consequences Analysis Based on the consequences, it is rather obvious that companies in both Malaysia and Singapore prepare their fiscal reports/statements in conformity to their several state s sanctioned accounting criterions. Malaysia and Singapore s accounting rules are really much in compliant with IAS, i.e really much rule based ( users are strongly encouraged to used their ain opinion ) , and certain accounting methods are used instead systematically. For illustration, most companies in Malaysia and Singapore use the straight-line method in deprecating their assets, historical cost and in some instances the reappraisal value for the non-current assets. They use FIFO and leaden mean method in measuring their cost of stock list and none of the companies use the LIFO method which is prohibited by the IAS 2. As for research and development disbursals and good will, it is a little more hard to analyse as non all the companies in our sample have revealed their intervention for these costs. Our consequences indicate that most companies in our sample usage methods which are really much in compliant with IAS while the remainder of the companies in our sample, although non important, utilize other methods. As such it might to be excessively premature to reason that international accounting harmonisation has been to the full embraced in the visible radiation of the Malaysian and Singapore environment. Chapter FOUR DISCUSSION A ; ANALYSIS The result of the survey in chapter three clearly shows that despite there being some grade of accounting harmonisation in the emerging markets ( Malaysia and Singapore ) , there is still non adequate grounds to reason for certain that accounting harmonisation is to the full embraced by the aforesaid states. This chapter analyzes international accounting harmonisation from four wide positions viz. , the barriers to international accounting harmonisation, its advantages and disadvantages, grade of accounting harmonisation, and eventually the mechanisms needed to prosecute accounting harmonisation. 4.1 The Barriers to International Accounting Harmonization Harmonizing to Nobes and Parker ( 2002 ) , the most cardinal obstructions to international accounting harmonisation are as follows: Size of present differences between the accounting patterns of different states ; Lack of strong professional accounting organic structures in some states ; and Differences in political and economic system. The important economic and cultural differences that exist amongst assorted states are a major hindrance in international accounting harmonisation. The differences are so huge that even a consecutive forward accounting criterions can hold assorted readings. It is a good known fact or an unwritten regulation that political relations do so play a really of import function in the constitution of an accounting criterion in most states. While it can be argued that many national and international criterion compositors are independent self-acting organic structures and by right should non be influenced by the political government, in world, the criterions set is a consequence of a complicated political procedure ( Saudagaran 2001 ) . This is chiefly because ; the criterion compositors would necessitate strong support and purchase in from the politicians, as they have a vested involvement in national criterions. Another barrier confronting the authorities of assorted states is the coordinati on and their ability to synchronise their domestic accounting policies with policies of other states to guarantee they have the best of both universes, i.e to extinguish or minimise the negative influence and to retain the positive influence from the other states. The phase of uniformity of fiscal describing under the same international criterions crucially depends on the institutional environment in which companies operate. It is non practical to use the same accounting criterions in different legal powers to accomplish echt value and comparison of fiscal statements across the universe. Examples of institutional differences across legal powers are scrutinizing, enforcement, and judicial proceeding patterns ( Ball et al. , 2003 ; Daske et al. , 2008 ) . To see how establishments and accounting criterions unite, see a criterion that places big accent on relevancy and assumes that relevancy requires direction s estimation for the measuring of certain assets. If such a criterion is applied in an environment with weak reappraisal and enforcement, it is unlikely that the criterion will do applicable accounting Numberss. In such a scene, a criterion that places more accent on dependability and reduces the demand for allowance of estimations in acqui ring the Numberss will ensue in higher value fiscal coverage. The different demands and demands of users of fiscal statement in assorted states is besides another barrier to international accounting harmonisation. Depending on the significance of accounting in a peculiar state, the accounting system can be categorized either as a macro-user or micro user oriented system ( Saudagaran and Diga, 1998 ) . The more developed states in ASEAN such as Malaysia and Singapore realized the importance of capital markets and reinforced a penchant for micro-user oriented accounting attack, necessitating more information and extended fiscal revelations similar to the accounting attack in the UK and USA. However, this does non intend that the demands of smaller household owned concerns prevalent in the two states would be met. The smaller household owned concerns prefer non to unwrap excessively much information to the populace about their concern because of the states weak legal system, which does non supply equal protection for concerns as a whole. Furthermo re, it would be a really expensive matter for them to maintain separate set of books simply to follow with the international accounting criterions. This would halter the growing of local concerns or would coerce bing companies to take their concern elsewhere. These barriers emphasizes the believe that international accounting harmonisation may non be desirable after all. 4.2 The Advantages and Disadvantages of International Accounting Harmonization Earlier chapters of this survey found that there are plentifulness of advantages to international accounting harmonisation such as cost nest eggs for international corporations, enhanced comparison of cross-border fiscal studies, widespread airing of high quality accounting criterions and patterns and proviso of low cost accounting criterions to states with limited resources. These advantages are besides applicable to states in the emerging markets such as Malaysia and Singapore. With globalisation, the ASEAN markets are non to be ignored. Despite traveling through tough times during the Asiatic fiscal crisis in 1997/98, the ASEAN part have really strong growing potency. This part continues to be the Centre of attractive force of many international corporations and investors. For states with more developed capital markets such as Malaysia and Singapore, international accounting harmonisation would convey approximately immense benefits. First and foremost it would cut down the disbursal and the clip taken to make their ain domestic accounting criterions. There would besides be cost nest eggs for the international corporations established in these states as they would non hold to set their fiscal studies to adhere to the local criterions. Globally it is a good known fact that a state is non able to last on its ain without international trade and by holding a close-door policy. Even the Chinese authorities realized this and unfastened China s doors to the universe about a decennary ago. However, equal and orderly fiscal coverage is required to promote international trade and investings. International accounting harmonisation can help this intent by cut downing the difference in fiscal coverage demands for participants in the capital markets. The ability to compare and contrast fiscal information of assorted companies would promote investors assurance in making concern and doing equal investing determinations. It would besides be easier on the investors as they merely have to understand and use a individual set of international criterions in doing their investing determinations. Another major benefit of international accounting harmonisation is to advance high quality accounting criterions and patterns. Given that Malaysia and Singapore are the more developed states within ASEAN, they are able to take the regional accounting harmonisation in ASEAN, at the same time taking the ASEAN fiscal coverage criterions to greater highs while being in congruity with international criterions. Once once more, high quality, comprehensive and comparison of accounting criterions will hike investor assurance and contribute towards the overall economic growing of the ASEAN part. On the impudent side, oppositions of international accounting harmonisation believe that harmonisation is an infliction of criterions by the first universe states upon the 3rd universe and developing states. It is impossible to hold a one size fits all criterion, as these criterions would non be flexible plenty to provide to the differences in civilization, legal systems and national fortunes. Users of fiscal information besides differ well from state to state. While in some states the chief users are the investors, for other states the chief users could the authorities or the revenue enhancement governments and all these users require different type of information for assorted intents. It is non easy to make a criterion that is able to provide to the demands of all users. Another hindrance in prosecuting accounting harmonisation in Malaysia and Singapore is their historic background or civilization. Despite the fact that Malaysia and Singapore were both antecedently colonized by the British and both states closely follow the accounting criterions of the U.K. , there are still differences both states institutional mechanisms, which consequences in the differences in accounting patterns. There is a huge difference in the manner the authoritiess of these two states operate, and the precedences of these two authoritiess differ well, automatically taking to different accounting patterns. These obstructions would somehow affect Malaysia and Singapore when following IAS. Nevertheless, after the weighing the pros and cons of international accounting harmonisation, it is in the best involvement of these two states to go on to prosecute international accounting harmonisation given that its advantages far outweigh its disadvantages. 4.3 Degree of Harmonization in Malaysia and Singapore Given that Malaysia and Singapore were antecedently colonized by the British, their several accounting patterns are really influenced by the British accounting criterions. Both Malaysia and Singapore began following IAS as their national accounting criterions in the 1970 s. The acceptance of IAS was recognized as one of the methods to hike international trade and to promote foreign investing into their several states. Furthermore, the ASEAN part lacked the resources and research capablenesss in developing their ain criterions and by following IAS seemed like their best manner frontward. They besides did non hold a specific organisation concentrating strictly on developing accounting criterions for their several states. For case, in Malaysia, the MASB was merely established in 1997 as the primary organic structure for bring forthing accounting criterions. Despite set uping the MIA and MACPA in the 1950 s, their function was strictly a enrollment organic structure as oppose to a standa rd puting one. Furthermore, being developing states, the authorities of these states had instead give the resources they had to other socioeconomic aims than to set up accounting criterions. There are besides other grounds for this two states to follow IAS, foremost is because IAS has been tried and tested globally with non much opposition. Second, for Malaysia and Singapore to be the taking fiscal centres in the ASEAN part, it is important for them to hold accounting criterions that are internationally recognized and trusted. From the assorted degrees of treatments in this survey, it is obvious that both Malaysia and Singapore are on the right way towards international accounting harmonisation. However, the consequences of the empirical survey indicates that there is still much more to be done to accomplish complete harmonisation or if complete harmonisation is come-at-able. However, despite the difference in accounting criterions used by these companies, in general bulk of them comply with IAS. Furthermore, the figure of companies that use other methods non stipulated by the IAS are non important. As discussed in chapter two, there are assorted organic structures i.e authorities and private organic structures involved in the standard-setting procedure in Malaysia and Singapore. Each of these organisations carry out their several map in their attempts toward standard scene and international accounting harmonisation. In order to ease and to guarantee the success of the standard scene and harmonisation procedure, a high degree of coaction is needed between them. Given that the standard-setting procedure is really political in nature, the private sector organic structures require the bargain in of the authorities to guarantee successful execution of the national criterions set. The authorities would besides guarantee that the criterions set are suited to run into national economic aims. On the other manus, the authorities looks to the private sector organic structures to guarantee that the criterions set would increase public sector answerability. Although there are plentifulness of attempts toward international accounting harmonisation, it is still hard to reason if Malaysia and Singapore will efficaciously achieve harmonisation by simply merely being IAS compliant ( in most instances ) . 4.4 Mechanisms to Pursue International Accounting Harmonization To help the chase toward international accounting harmonisation, a set of institutional mechanism is needed. Saudagaran and Diga, 1998 lineations four options available for prosecuting ASEAN accounting harmonisation: amalgamation of national criterion puting bureaus ; acceptance of an European Union ( EU ) harmonisation theoretical account ; attachment to IASC dictums ; and free market attack. Each mechanism will be discussed in bend. 4.4.1 Merger of National Standard-setting Agencies The first step suggests for ASEAN criterion puting bureaus to unify to organize a supranational organic structure. In world a organic structure of such nature is already in being ; the ASEAN Federation of Accounting ( AFA ) . For the AFA to play a more effectual function in international accounting harmonisation, they need to be a portion and package of the standard scene procedure and non simply an organisation for comptrollers. As such there is a demand for the standard puting organic structures of each ASEAN state to be apart of AFA to ease the standard scene procedure within the ASEAN part. Despite the difference in civilization, the brotherhood of ASEAN criterion compositors under one umbrella would guarantee the criterions set would take into considerations all the demands and positions of its members states and concentrate on the ASEAN needs on a corporate footing. They would besides be able to react rapidly to the germinating economic conditions go oning in the ASEAN part. 4.4.2 European Union ( EU ) Harmonization Model The 2nd step is to follow the EU Harmonization Model. The harmonisation procedure starts with the harmonisation of the legal system, which includes company jurisprudence, concern jurisprudence, accounting and fiscal coverage of all EU member states. These enterprises take the signifier of directives, which so becomes a legal instrument for the attachment of EU member states. This option would let for the ASEAN secretariat to be the chief histrion in prosecuting international accounting harmonisation within the ASEAN part. This Secretariat would be responsible to suggest Directives and Regulations for its member states. However, the drawback of this option is that the ASEAN part does non possess a well-developed political substructure, which is a demand for accomplishing regional harmonisation. As a consequence, the move towards regional harmonisation would be slow. In the ASEAN part, the AFA, could play a more active function in prosecuting international accounting harmonisation. At present, this undertaking may look impossible for AFA as they do non hold equal support from other influential parties such as the stock exchanges, fiscal analysts etc. However, ASEAN can larn from the EU experience on how to get the better of the obstructions in accomplishing accounting harmonisation. 4.4.3 IASC Based Harmonization The 3rd step is to adhere to all the IASC enterprises. With this option, IASB becomes the chief histrion in the international accounting harmonisation procedure and all the ASEAN states would hold to follow IAS. If this step is adopted, the function of AFA would go undistinguished as the authorities and the national professional accounting organic structure of each state would take over the function of AFA. This is a low cost institutional option. Despite the many benefits of IASB harmonisation, there are drawbacks to this mechanism. First and the most important drawback is the possible struggle between the adopted IAS and domestic statute law. Not all states would profit every bit from international accounting harmonisation, as some IAS might non be appropriate for all ASEAN states. States such as Malaysia and Singapore are really selective when following IAS and have made alterations to the IAS as and when necessary to accommodate their economic environment. For the ASEAN part to to the full bask the benefits of IAS, there should take part more active engagement from these ASEAN states in the IASB treatments to guarantee the demands of their single states are taken into consideration ( Saudagaran and Diga, 1997b ) . 4.4.4 Free Market Approach to Harmonization The 4th step is the free market attack to harmonisation, which allows the market forces to make up ones mind which fiscal coverage patterns would predominate. This step provides full flexibleness for companies to make up ones mind what they want to describe depending on the demand for information. This option is really much in the favour of investors as they are the chief participants in the capital market who demand fiscal information to do investing determinations. The drawback of this step is that companies in different states may choose to follow different criterions depending on the demand of their assorted stakeholders, which would get the better of the intent of international accounting harmonisation. It is besides hard to utilize this option as non all ASEAN states have active capital markets.

Advantages of Raw Milk Essay Example for Free

Advantages of Raw Milk Essay ? From the time of Hippocrates to until just after World War II, this â€Å"white blood† nourished and healed uncounted millions. Clean raw milk from pastured cows is a complete and properly balanced food You could live on it exclusively if you had to indeed, published accounts exist of people who have done just that What’s in it that makes it so great? Let’s look at the ingredients to see what makes it such a powerful food Proteins Our bodies use amino acids as building blocks for protein. Depending on who you ask, we need 20-22 of them for this task Eight of them are considered essential, in that we have to get them from our food. The remaining 12-14 we can make from the first eight via complex metabolic pathways in our cells Raw cow’s milk has all 8 essential amino acids in varying amounts, depending on stage of lactation About 80% of the proteins in milk are caseins- reasonably heat stable and, for most, easy to digest Lactoferrin (14), an iron-binding protein, has numerous beneficial properties including improved absorption and assimilation of iron Ice cream – we don’t drink milk, we eat. Milk is our first food Mammals – short time milk 50 years ago 2000 pounds of milk per year Now top producers over 50000 pounds, how is it done ? Drugs, antibiotics, hormones, specialized cow breeding†¦ breeding cows for specialized skimmed milk. Skimmed milk cow. Its insane , and rocket fuel Cow’s milk also contain blood Kills Vitamin B6 –Pyridoxine Vitamin B12—Cyanocobalamin Diabitis – no proper enzymes to digest proteins. Advantages of Raw Milk. (2017, Mar 14).

Can stem cell research promise any improvement in autoimmune diseases Paper

Can stem cell promise any improvement in autoimmune diseases - Research Paper Example Stem cell research promises improvement in autoimmune diseases. The immune system is the body’s main line of defense against invasion by infectious organisms. The body has many cellular components, and the immune system must be able to differentiate components of invading organisms and of its self to conduct its protection functions effectively. Through this, it only attacks the invading components and not its own components. The immune system may fail to recognize and eliminate invading components on time, and this result in infections. However, autoimmune diseases, such as type 1 diabetes and multiple sclerosis,  occur when the immune system fails to distinguish its own cells or components and attacks them by mistake (Ra, Kang, Shin, Park, Joo, Kim, Kang, Lee, Nakama, Piao, Soh, and Kurtz, 2011). Stem cell research helps explain why the bodys immune system, for some reason, turns against itself. Stem cells helps heal damaged tissues. Researchers have established the use of Haematopoetic Stem Cell Transplantation (HSCT) in the management of malignant and non-malignant diseases (Holbro, Abinun, and Daikeler, 2012). Currently, research indicates that stem cell therapy induces intense healing action in animals with different forms of autoimmune disorders. Stem cells have the unique ability to adjust the immune system to avert pathological responses while at the same time maintain its ability to repel disease (Hugle and Daikeler, 2010). Stem cells and particularly, mesenchymal stem cells, produce anti-inflammatory agents in inflamed tissues. They do not suppress the immune response of the patient’s whole body like immune suppressive agents such as methothrexate and steroids, which present lasting unfavorable effects, and need for lifetime treatment. Instead, the stem cell mediators act locally. Alan Tyndall confirms that more than 1500 patients have received HSCT as

Britney spears Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Britney spears - Essay Example Later, she went back to studio in the same year and released her second single which took a good position in the countdown of U.S most loved pop songs with the name of ‘Sometimes’ and also it was ranked first in other U.K nations. In the following year she was out again to produce her second album ‘oops...I Did It Again’ which showed the entire world and the entire music industry that the princess was in the industry to stay. The album did exemplary well being in first position in billboards and making sales of over a million albums in its first days of release and registering the highest sales ever made for a week by a female artist. To date it has made sales of more than 15 million copies and positioned number two of her top selling albums moreover rendering her tours to go and perform in front of her fans overseas .i.e. away from her country US. After working hard for nothing else but success she was out to release her third album with the first song ‘I Love Rock ‘n’ Roll’ taking the second position in MTV 100 best Latin American’s videos in 2002(IMDb, 2012). These albums made her win many awards starting with artist of the year on the same year that she started her music career. Many more came her way in the course of her career ranging from World’s Music Awards World’s best pop female artist and many more having sold more than 60 million records. In a span of not more than one and a half decade she was announced the best selling female artist in USA. This came as a result of her knowing what was and is the best for her, when it come to selection she is keen on the studio to use and who to work with. This selection has seen her excel in bringing up beats that always work well with the vocals making every production a hit in the market. This has won her greatly because she has become one of the best and moreover one of the famous female artist who has made a great impact in the music industry. As a result of coming from

Proud to Be an Indian Essay Example for Free

Proud to Be an Indian Essay India, a country with a culture having more than ten thousand years has enriched the global scientific, educational, economic and cultural scenario significantly. That is the reason why mark Twain has stated â€Å"India is the cradle of the human race, the birthplace of human speech, the mother of history, the grandmother of legend and the great grandmother of tradition.† Being born in such a great country, you have millions of reasons to feel proud as an Indian. Some of them are : 1 . Indian culture is the best in the world The very word culture started from the country India. When the people of today’s developed nations were wandering like nomadic, Indians built Harappa and Mohenjo-Daro, the first ever planned city of the world. India is the home to four major religions of the world. The first epic of the world was written in India. Sanskrit, according to a major group of linguistics is considered as the mother of all European languages. Forbes magazine has rated Sanskrit as the most suitable language for software applications. 2. First university of the world was established in Takshila(in Modern Bihar) in the year 700BC. More than 60 subjects were taught here to near about 10,500 students who came from different parts of the world. 3. We have never invaded any country in the entire history of 5000 years. Rather, Buddha and Gandhi taught the world the power of non-violence and truth. Recently, American president Barak Obama has openly admitted that Gandhi is an ideal for him. 4. Till 1896, India was the only known source of diamond in the world. Tremendous wealth of India attracted several invaders and traders. Till the invasion of British East India Company, India was the richest country of the world. 5. Number system is the greatest contribution of India to science in general and mathematics in particular. Indian Mathematician Aryabhatta invented zero. Bhaskaracharya, in fifth century, calculated the time taken by earth to rotate around sun exactly. Budhayana calculated the value of pi. Algebra, trigonometry and calculus had their origin India during sixth century. 6. Ayurveda, the earliest school of medicine has its origin in India. Surgery was done for the first time India by Sushruta 2600 years back. 7. India taught the art of navigation to the world on River Sind 6000 years back. Proof to it is the derivation of the very word navigation from NAVGATIH (a Sanskrit word). 8. Just like Indian culture and lifestyle of India , Indian Food has also been influenced by various civilizations and Regional Cultures. Traditional Indian food is not only famous worldwide for its spicy and lip-smacking taste, but also popular for its importance in the direction of maintaining a healthy life style. Indian food is both delicious and good for health. It matches to the requirements and taste of both vegetarians and non-vegetarians. Indians like hot, fresh and nutritious food in their daily diet. However, each part of India has its own unique cuisine and way of preparing recipes. In North India, Roti is proffered over rice. Use of cheese, curd, milk and vegetables in preparing different dishes is primarily marked in North-India. Tandoori is one of the most important dishes of North India which has a pan -Indian acceptance. Use of oil in preparing tandoori is minimal and only selected Indian spices are added while preparing any tandoori recipe. In south India, use of tamarind and pepper while preparing recipes is common. Here, people prefer to eat rice over Roti. Use of coconut oil in preparing dishes is marked in several south Indian states. Dosa is one of the most popular South Indian foods that have a pan-Indian appeal. In eastern part of India, people are generally fond of rice and fish. This is due to the availability of fish in abundance. Fish recipes of several types are vital aspects of East Indian food. In the western-part of India, spicy food is the first preference of people. Here also you can mark dominance of cheese while preparing dishes. Both rice and roti are popular in western India. 9. Family is the longest surviving institution of India irrespective of the ages, transformations, religious and political views compared to any other country and it shows how rich is our Indian culture. 10. I am proud to be Indian because of our country’s achievements in space and missile technology. India has launched a number of satellites in space for helping us in weather forecast, communications, medical research, and education. The missiles such as Agni, Prithvi strengthened our nation’s security and ensured a place in the elite group of the world’s powerful countries. Moreover, our scientists have lifted India’s pride by placing our Tri-colour on the moon and are now looking for landing in the planet Mars. 11. India is a country where people respect elders live in peace and harmony. India is the only country where there are people of different languages, religions and race, but all of them live together in harmony. There are 22 official languages a nd over 1600 dialects spoken. Nearly 650 different recognised tribes reside across the country. 12. India is the largest democracy in the world. It has a civilisation that is more than 5000 years old and boasts of multiple cultural origins. There is an emerging global, scientific and technological superpower. 13. It is a land of holy rivers like Ganga, Yamuna, Brahmaputra, Cauvery,Mahanadi etc and beautiful mountains spread densely in north and eastern india and dense forests scattered all over india . We find many seas in the South of India. There is natural beauty in our country. 14. My country with its rich heritage and tradition I say is the most beautiful nation. We are also recognised for being the world’s second largest in population. But unity in diversity is the main reason for my pride in being an Indian. We have different languages, different cultures, food, clothes, and traditions and yet we stand united. Non violence, democracy, intelligence based on our high standards of education, our natural wealth, harmony, festivals, family, system, caring for the aged, service and sacrifice are some of the things that I am proud of our land. 15. Among the finest institutions this country has produced are the Indian Armed Forces. It is the world’s third largest standing army comprising over 1.1 million men in uniform. 16. I am proud also of the education provided by the Indian Institutes of Technology (IITs) and the Indian Institutes of Managements (IIMs) which can boast of standards equal to the best in the world at far less cost. Products of these institutions now head global organizations and play a major role in organizations like NASA. Indians are familiar as doctors and scientists in many developed countries. 17. We Indians are the wealthiest among all ethnic groups in America , even faring better than the whites and the natives. There are 3.22 millions of Indians in USA (1.5% of population). YET, 38% of doctors in USA are Indians. 12% scientists in USA are Indians. 36% of NASA scientists are Indians. 34% of Microsoft employees are Indians. 28% of IBM employees are Indians. 17% of INTEL scientists are Indians. 13% of XEROX employees are! Indians. 18. Chess and Hockey was invented in India. I have got tons of reasons to love my country, but the most important thing is I love my country and I need no reason for it. Jai Hind! I am proud to be an Indian !

david souter :: essays research papers

Birth, Residence, and Family Born September 17, 1939 in Melrose, Massachusetts, son of Joseph Alexander and Helen Adams Hackett Souter. Education Harvard College, A.B. 1961, Phi Beta Kappa, selected Rhodes Scholar; Magdalen College, Oxford, 1963, A.B. in Jurisprudence 1989, M.A. 1989; Harvard Law School, LL.B. 1966. Law Practice Associate, Orr and Reno, Concord, NH, 1966-1968. Government Service Assistant Attorney General of New Hampshire, 1968-1971; Deputy Attorney General of New Hampshire, 1971-1976; Attorney General of New Hampshire, 1976-1978. Judicial Offices Associate Justice, New Hampshire Superior Court, 1978-1983; Associate Justice, New Hampshire Supreme Court, 1983-1990; Judge, U.S. Court of Appeals for the First Circuit, 1990; Associate Justice, Supreme Court of the United States, 1990. Other Assignments Maine-New Hampshire Interstate Boundary Commission, 1971-1975; New Hampshire Police Standards and Training Council, 1976-1978; New Hampshire Governor's Commission on Crime and Delinquency, 1976-1978, 1979-1983; New Hampshire Judicial Council, 1976-1978. Civic Activities Trustee, Concord Hospital, Concord, New Hampshire, 1972-1985, President 1978-1984; Trustee, New Hampshire Historical Society, 1976-1985; Vice President, 1970-1985, Overseer, Dartmouth Medical School, 1981-1987. Affiliations with Professional Organizations and Academic Institutions Merrimack County Bar Association; New Hampshire Bar Association; American Bar Association; Honorary Fellow, American Bar Foundation; National Association of Attorneys General; Honorary Fellow, American College of Trial Lawyers; Honorary Master of the Bench, Gray's Inn, London; Honorary Fellow, Magdalen College, Oxford; Associate, Lowell House, Harvard College. David H. Souter was born in Melrose, Massachusetts, on September 17, 1939. He graduated from Harvard University in 1961. The following year he studied at Magdalen College in Oxford, England, as a Rhodes Scholar. He graduated from Harvard Law School in 1966. Souter was admitted to the bar and joined a law firm in Concord, New Hampshire. In 1968, he became an Assistant Attorney General of New Hampshire. In 1971, Souter became Deputy Attorney General and in 1976 Attorney General of the State of New Hampshire. During these years Souter also served on the New Hampshire Governor's Commission on Crime and Delinquency, the New Hampshire Judicial Council, the Maine-New Hampshire Interstate Boundary Commission, and the New Hampshire Policy Standards and Training Council.

The Battle of Shiloh

The American Civil War began on April 9, 1861, with the Battle of Fort Sumter, between the Northern United States of America and the Southern Confederate States of America. It was never too clear until the Battle of Shiloh, won by the Union, as to who had the upper hand, in the war between the states. The Battle of Shiloh could easily be termed the turning point for the Union. It was at Shiloh – the place of peace, that history witnessed one of the bloodiest battles of the American Civil war.It was also one of the most controversial battles, with General Ulysses Grant taking the hit for inadequate planning, which resulted in a carnage, that killed over 10,000 soldiers on either side. The Battle of Shiloh, otherwise called the Battle of Pittsburgh Landing, took place on April 6th and 7th, 1862, at Hardin County, Tennessee. Commander Ulysses S Grant and Don Carlos Buell led the Union, while Albert Sidney Johnston and P G T Beauregard led the Confederates.The death of Johnston, i n the course of the battle, is said to be a major factor behind the Union victory. The Union had the Army of West Tennessee and Ohio with nearly 65,000 soldiers, while the Confederates were backed by the Army of the Mississippi with around 45,000 soldiers. After the bloody and brutal battle, the Union realized that the war was not going to be easy. The essay will walk down the historical lane and trace the events which shaped the Battle of Shiloh. The commandersAbraham Lincon once said, â€Å"I cannot spare the man. He fights. † That about sums up Commander Ulysses S Grants character. He was the son of a hard-working frontier family. Grant fought his first battle, an indecisive action against the Confederates at Belmont, Missouri, in November 1861. Three months later, he captured Fort Donelson and Fort Henry. Grant was made a national figure almost overnight, and he was nicknamed â€Å"Unconditional Surrender† Grant. He brought the same enthusiasm to the Battle of Shil oh, but did not fare so well there.The high number of casualties was deemed unnecessary and Grant’s decision-making powers were questioned. However he managed to defend himself and went on to become the 18th president of the USA (MSN Encarta, 2006). Everybody thought Albert Johnston the best soldier in the country; that was before the war. He had a gaudy career in the army after West Point (1826). After some peacetime soldiering he quit to care for his dying wife, then moved to Texas to start over.When Texas decided on independence he enlisted as a soldier and in a year he was commanding the whole Texan forces. He was the second most senior officer in the Confederate forces. His immediate appointment was to secure and organize the western theater. He took the initiative against the Union forces that had stopped to reorganize and resupply. Johnston led from the front but was shot in the process. It was his concern for the other wounded soldiers and a disregard for his own woun ds, which caused him to bleed to death (ehistory, 2007).The weapons and methods Neither side fought the Battle of Shiloh with its soldiers armed with the most modern weapons available. In one of the few times during the American Civil War, the Union did not enjoy an advantage of superior infantry weapons. There was no formal artillery command and control function for either side. The infantry commanders controlled their own artillery or left its employment up to the battery officers. This made massing artillery fires difficult.Massed fires of more than 25 cannon only occurred three times during the battle. Two of the massed artillery firings proved decisive: Ruggles’ bombardment at the Hornet’s Nest and Grant’s last line at Pittsburg Landing. The artillery officers for each side were inexperienced and attempted to use antiquated Napoleonic tactics. The commmaders were aware that half their soldiers were ‘green,’ that their weapons were obsolete and that there was hardly any planning involved.The battle hinged on the element of surprise. Both the commanders felt they had a good chance of winning and if Grant’s army was not fortified overnight, the results of the battle could have been different (Gudmens, 1960). The doctrine used by this particular battle and that of the marine corps today is similar. Both use speed, surprise, and concentrated force to achieve maximum impact with minimal expenditure of resources. (Santamaria, 2003) The battle reportThe foundation for the Battle of Shiloh was laid in February 1862, when a Union army-navy offensive succeeded in capturing Fort Henry and Fort Donelson, located respectively on the Tennessee and Cumberland Rivers, near the Tennessee-Kentucky border. The fall of the two forts initiated a series of Union triumphs that left the Confederacy struggling for life. The Confederate defensive line across southern Kentucky immediately collapsed, and the southern forces retreated from nort hern Tennessee to Alabama and Mississippi.The capture of Fort Henry opened the Tennessee River to Federal penetration to the Alabama and Mississippi state lines. Forces under Major General Ulysses S Grant advanced south to Pittsburg Landing, located on the west bank of the Tennessee River, about twenty miles north of Corinth, Mississippi. That put Union forces dangerously close to the Confederacy's most important east-west railroad, the Memphis and Charleston line, which made a junction at Corinth with the north-south Mobile and Ohio.If the Union army, designated the Army of the Tennessee, captured Corinth, not only would the Federals control the railroad, but Memphis would likely fall and open several hundred miles of the Mississippi River to Union forces. By late March, Major General Henry W Halleck ordered Buell and his Army of the Ohio to join Grant for an offensive against Corinth. Meanwhile, the Confederates concentrated their forces at Corinth in order to stop the Union advan ce before Buell could reinforce Grant.Their effort culminated in the battle of Shiloh, named for the Shiloh Methodist Church, located near the Union encampment (McDonough, 2002). After the fall of Forts – Henry and Donelson, Confederate General Albert Sidney Johnston, was forced to fall back, giving up Kentucky and much of West and Middle Tennessee. He chose Corinth, Mississippi, a major transportation center, as the staging area for an offensive against Major General Ulysses S Grant and his Army of the Tennessee, before the Army of the Ohio, under Major General Don Carlos Buell, could join it.The Confederate retrenchment was a surprise, although a pleasant one, to the Union forces, and it took Grant, with about 40,000 men, some time to mount a southern offensive, along the Tennessee River, toward Pittsburg Landing. Grant received orders to await Buell’s Army of the Ohio at Pittsburg Landing. Grant did not choose to fortify his position; rather, he set about drilling h is men many of whom were raw recruits. Johnston originally planned to attack Grant on April 4, but delays postponed it until the 6th.Johnston had been mortally wounded earlier and his second-in-command, General P G T Beauregard, took over (Battle of Shiloh, 2006). The Confederates, after being forced back from their first line, established a second along the Memphis and Charleston Railroad, where they concentrated their armies. It was their intention to attack Grant before he was joined by Buell. The Confederates, after making a very brilliant attack, were compelled to retreat.The Memphis and Charleston Railroad was severed by Sherman and by Mitchell, the campaign closing successfully on the national part by the capture of Corinth (Draper, 1868, p 281). On the 8th, Grant sent Brigadier General William T Sherman, with two brigades, and Brigadier General Thomas J Wood, with his division, in pursuit of Beauregard. They ran into the Rebel rearguard, commanded by Colonel Nathan Bedford F orrest, at Fallen Timbers. Forrest’s aggressive tactics, although eventually contained, influenced the Union troops to return to Pittsburg Landing.Grant’s mastery of the Confederate forces continued; he had beaten them once again. (Battle of Shiloh, 2006). Conclusion Measured in physical devastation and human lives, the American Civil War was the costliest war for the Americans. When the war ended, 620,000 men (in a nation of 35 million people) had been killed and at least that many more had been wounded. The North lost a total of 364,000, almost one of five Union soldiers and the South lost 258,000, nearly one of four Confederate soldiers (History Channel, 2007).In a way, the brutal and bloody Battle of Shiloh set the tone for the battles that followed. Though the union won the war, there were too many casualties from either side for it to be a clear victory. Both sides paid heavily in both human life and expenses. The losses reverberated for a long time in the consci ousness of the people of America. Reference Civil War, American. (2007). The History Channel website. Retrieved 12:57, Jan 25, 2007, from http://www. history. com/encyclopedia. do? articleId=205794.Draper, John William (1868). History of the American Civil War. Volume: 2. New York: Harper & Brothers Publishers. Gudmens, Jeffery J (1960). Staff Ride Handbook for the Battle of Shiloh. Combat Studies Institute PressFort Leavenworth, Kansas, Retrieved February 1, 2007, from http://www-cgsc. army. mil/carl/download/csipubs/gudmens. pdf McDonough, James L (2002). Battle of Shiloh. In Tennessee Encyclopedia of History and Culture [Web]. Tennessee : University of Tennessee Press. Retrieved 01, 21, 2006, from http://tennesseeencyclopedia. net/imagegallery. php? EntryID=S034Santamaria, Jason A, Martino, Vincent, & Clemons, Eric K (2003). The Marine Corp Way. Mcgraw-Hill Companies. Ohio State University, (2007). Albert S Johnston. Retrieved Febraury 1, 2007, from eHistory Web site: http://ehis tory. osu. edu/uscw/features/people/bio. cfm? PID=45 Ulysses S Grant. (2006). In MSN Encarta [Web]. MSN. Retrieved February, 1, 2007, from http://encarta. msn. com/encnet/refpages/RefArticle. aspx? refid=761555289 US Department of the Interior, National Park Service. (2006, 04, 13). Battle of Shiloh. Retrieved January 20, 2007, from Web site: http://www. cr. nps. gov/hps/abpp/battles/tn003. htm